Change in Health Complaints When Transitioning to Retirement: A Stress-Theoretical Perspective on the Role of Working Time
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-7045Schlagworte:
Working Time, Retirement, Growth Model, Panel Study, HealthAbstract
Employing a stress theoretical perspective, we investigate the role of working time for the trajectory of health complaints at the transition from employment to retirement. Drawing on job demands-resources theory, we argue that higher weekly working hours are a health-impairing stressor during employment so that individuals with longer weekly working hours experience greater health improvements when retiring than those with shorter weekly working hours. Additonally, we assume that work time control as job resource buffers the relationship between weekly working hours and changes in health complaints. We used a subsample of a representative panel survey conducted in Germany. This comprised 876 employees who transitioned from employment to retirement. The results of the discontinuous multilevel growth model indicated longer weekly working hours and lower work time control lead to stronger decreases in health complaints from employment to retirement. However, we found no evidence of a buffering effect of work time control.
Literaturhinweise
Aguinis, Herman, Ryan K. Gottfredson und Steven A. Culpepper (2013). Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling. Journal of Management 39(6), 1490–1528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478188
Atchley, Robert C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist 29(2), 183–190.
Bakker, Arnold B. und Evangelia Demerouti (2014). Job Demands-Resources Theory. In: Chen, Peter Y. und Cary L. Cooper (Hg.). Work and Wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete Reference Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1–28.
Bakker, Arnold B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science 20(4), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Bakker, Arnold B. und Evangelia Demerouti (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 02683940710733115
Bakker, Arnold B., Evangelina Demerouti und Martin C. Euwema (2005). Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10(2), 170–180.
Bannai, Akira und Akiko Tamakoshi (2014). The association between long working hours and health: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 40(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3388
Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker und Steve Walker (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/ jss.v067.i01
Baumann, Isabel, Ignacio Cabib, Harpa S Eyjólfsdóttir und Neda Agahi (2022). Part-time work and health in late careers: Evidence from a longitudinal and cross-national study. SSM Population Health 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101091
Berniell, Inés und Jan Bietenbeck (2020). The effect of working hours on health. Economics & Human Biology 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100901
Bohle, Philip, Claudia Pitts und Michael Quinlan (2010). Time to call it quits? The safety and health of older workers. International Journal of Social Determinants and Health Services 40(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.1.b
Böhle, Fritz und Ursula Stöger (2022). Arbeitszeitverkürzung als gesellschaftliches Reformprojekt. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitische Zeitschrift 45(1), 16–25.
Bolker, Benjamin M., Mollie E. Brooks, Connie J. Clark, Shane W. Geange, John R. Poulsen, M. Henry Stevens und Jada-Simone S. White (2009). Generalized linear mixed models: A practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008
Brauner, Corinna, Dagmar Pattloch, Laura Menze, Laura Vieten, Maren Tornowski, Alexandra Mi-chel, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Johanna Nold et al. (2019a). Datendokumentation des Scientific Use File der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2015, Version 2. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Brauner, Corinna, Dagmar Pattloch, Laura Menze, Laura Vieten, Maren Tornowski, Alexandra Mi-chel, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Johanna Nold et al. (2019b). Datendokumentation des Scientific Use File der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2017, Version 2. Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Carr, Ewan, Garreth Hagger-Johnson, Jenny Head, Nicola Shelton, Mai Stafford, Stephen Stansfeld und Paola Zaninotto (2016). Working conditions as predictors of retirement intentions and exit from paid employment: a 10-year follow-up of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Euro-pean Journal of Ageing 13(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-015-0357-9
Caruso, Claire C., Tim Bushnell, Donald Eggerth, Anneke Heitmann, Bill Kojola, Katharine New-man, Roger R. Rosa, Steven L. Sauter et al. (2006). Long working hours, safety, and health: Toward a national research agenda. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 49(11), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20373
Chen, Peter Y. und Cary Cooper (Hg.) (2014). Work and Wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete Reference Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Chin, Brian N., H. Matthew Lehrer, Eunjin Lee Tracy, Emma Barinas-Mitchell, Kristine A. Wilckens, Lucas W. Carroll, Daniel J. Buysse und Martica H. Hall (2023). Cardiometabolic function in re-tired night shift workers and retired day workers. Scientific Reports 13.
Chowdhury, Ritam, Divyang Shah und Abhishek R. Payal (2017). Healthy worker effect phenomenon: Revisited with emphasis on statistical methods – a review. Indian Journal Occupational Environmental Medicine 21(1), 2–8.
Chu, Liming (2021). Impact of long working hours on health based on observations in China. BMC Public Health 21 (1), 1347. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11190-0
Debus, Maike E., Charlotte Fritz und Michel Philipp (2019). A story of gains and losses: Intra-individual shifts in job characteristics and well-being when transitioning to a managerial role. Journal of Business and Psychology 34(5), 637–655.
Deller, Jürgen und Anne Marit Wöhrmann (2013). Die veränderte Gesellschaft: Wie der demografische Wandel unsere Gesellschaft und Arbeitswelt verändern wird. In: Schack, Axel, Nora Hummel und Jürgen Funk (Hg.). Arbeitsleben 3.0. Frankfurt: Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch, 68–85.
Demerouti, Evangelina und Arnold B. Bakker (2011). The Job Demands-Resources model: challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 37(2), 974. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Demerouti, Evangelia, Arnold B. Bakker, Friedhelm Nachreiner und Wilmar B. Schaufeli (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology 86, 499–512. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Deutsche Rentenversicherung (2023). Statistiken und Berichte. Rentenversicherung in Zeitreihen. Zugriff am 05.06.2025 auf: https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Statistiken-und-Berichte/statistikpublikationen/rv_in_zeitreihen.html
Directive 2003/88/EC. Directive (EU) 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. Zugriff am 04.04.2025 auf: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L 0088
Drenth, Peter J., Henk Thierry und Charles J. De Wolff (Hg.) (1998). Handbook of Work and Organisational Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press Ltd.
Dropkin, Jonathan, Jaqueline Moline, Hyun Kim und Judith E. Gold (2016). Blended work as a bridge between traditional workplace employment and retirement: A conceptual review. Work. Aging Retire 2(4), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw017
Eckert, Mark A., Noam I. Keren, Roberts, Vince D. Calhoun und Kelly C. Harris (2010). Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of cerebellar and prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.010.2010
Eibich, Peter (2015). Understanding the effect of retirement on health: Mechanisms and heterogeneity. Journal of Health Economics 43, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.201 5.05.001
Enders, Craig K. and Davood Tofighi (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multi-level models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods 12(2), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.12.2.121
Filomena, Mattia und Matteo Picchio (2022). Retirement and health outcomes in a meta‐analytical framework. Journal of Economics Surveys 37(3), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12527
Fleischmann, Maria, Baowen Xue und Jenny Head (2020). Mental health before and after retirement—Assessing the relevance of psychosocial working conditions: The Whitehall III Prospective Study of British civil servants. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and social sciences 75(2), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz042
Franke, Franziska (2015). Is work intensification extra stress? Journal of Personnel Psychology 14(1), 17–27. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1866-5888/a000120
Frese, Michael und Norbert Semmer (1986). Shiftwork, stress, and psychosomatic complaints: A comparison between workers in different shiftwork schedules, non-shiftworkers, and former shiftworkers. Ergonomics 19, 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138608968244
Guo, Yan jun, Yuewei Liu, Xiji Huang, Yi Rong, Meian He, Yuijie Wang, Jing Yuan, Tangchun Wu et al. (2013). The effects of shift work on sleeping quality, hypertension and diabetes in retired workers. PLoS ONE 8(8).
Hall, Anja und Anke Siefer (2011). BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2012 Employment Survey of the Working Population on Qualification and Working Conditions in Germany 2012. Survey instrument: master questionnaire for CATI programming with variable identifiers. Bundesanstalt für Ar-beitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Häring, Armando, Holger Schütz, Reiner Gilberg, Martin Kleudgen, Anne Marit Wöhrmann und Frank Brenscheidt (2016). Methodenbericht und Fragebogen zur BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2015. Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Häring, Armando, Holger Schütz, Martin Kleudgen, Brauner Corinna, Laura Vieten, Alexandra Mi-chel und Anne Marit Wöhrmann (2020). Methodenbericht und Fragebogen zur BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2019. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dort-mund.
Häring, Armando, Holger Schütz, Martin Kleudgen, Johanna Nold, Laura Vieten, Ines Entgelmeier und Nils Backhaus (2022). Methodenbericht und Fragebogen zur BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2021. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Häring, Armando, Holger Schütz, Lema Middendorf, Jennifer Hausen, Corinna Brauner, Alexandra Michel A und Anne Marit Wöhrmann AM (2018). Methodenbericht und Fragebogen zur BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2017. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dort-mund.
Heisig, Jan Paul und Merlin Schaeffer (2019). Why you should always include a random slope for the lower-level variable involved in a cross-level interaction. European Sociological Review 35(2), 258–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy053
Henning, Georg, Magnus Lindwall und Boo Johansson (2016). Continuity in well-being in the transition to retirement. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry 29(4), 225–237. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1024/1662-9647/a000155
Heybroek, Lachlan, Michele Haynes and Janeen Baxter (2015). Life satisfaction and retirement in Australia: A longitudinal approach. Work Aging Retirement 1(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wav006
Hobfoll, Steven E., Jonathon Halbesleben, Jean-Pierre Neveu und Mina Westman (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 5, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Hobfoll, Steven E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Ameri-can Psychologist 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.44.3.513
Hoogendoorn, Wilhelmina E, Mireille van Poppel, Paulien M. Bongers, Bart W. Koes und Lex M. Bouter (2000). Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as riskfactors for back pain. Spine 25(16), 2114–2125. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017
Igic, Ivana, Anita Keller, Achim Elfering, Franziska Tschan, Wolfgang Kälin und Norbert Semmer (2017). Ten-year trajectories of stressors and resources at work: Cumulative and chronic effects on health and well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology 102, 1317–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000225
Ilmarinen, Juhani (1992). Job design for the aged with regard to decline in their maximal aerobic capacity: Part II – The scientific basis for the guide. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 10(1-2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(92)90048-5
Jokela, Markus, Jane E Ferrie, David Gimeno, Tarani Chandola, Martin J Shipley, Jenny Head, Jussi Vahtera, Hugo Westerlund et al. (2010). From midlife to early old age: Health trajectories associated with retirement. Epidemiology 21(3), 284–290.
Kahn, Jeffrey H., Schneider W. Joel (2013). It’s the destination and it’s the journey: Using multilevel modeling to assess patterns of change in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology 69(6), 543–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21964
Karasek, Robert A. (1979). Job Demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly 24(2), 285–308.
Karasek, Robert A. (1998). The job content questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 3(4), 322–355. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.322
Karhula, Kati, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Corinna Brauner, Mikko Härmä, Mika Kivimäki, Alexandra Michel und Tuula Oksanen (2020). Working time dimensions and well-being: A cross-national study of Finnish and German health care employees. Chronobiology International 37(9–10), 1312–1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1778716
Kim, Jungmeen E. und Phyillis Moen (2002). Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being: A life-course, ecological model. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and social sciences (3), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.3.p212
Kivimäki, Mika, Markus Jokela, Solja T. Nyberg, Archana Singh-Manoux, Eleonor I. Fransson, Lars Alfredsson, Jakob B. Bjorner, Marianne Borritz et al. (2015). Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603,838 individuals. Lancet 31, 1739–1746. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60295-1
Lachman, Margie E. und Orah R. Burack (1993). Planning and control processes across the life span: An overview. International Journal of Behavioral Development 16(2), 131–143.
Li, Wentao, Xin Ye, Dawei Zhu und Ping He (2021). The longitudinal association between retirement and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 190(10), 2220–2230. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab125
McGonagle, Alyssa K., Gwenith G. Fisher, Janet L. Barnes-Farrell und James W. Grosch (2015). Individual and work factors related to perceived work ability and labor force outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 100(2), 376–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037974
Meijman, Theo F. und Gijsbertus Mulder (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In: Drenth, Pieter J., Henk Thierry, Charles J. De Wolff (Hg.). Handbook of Work and Organisational Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press Ltd, 5–33.
Monk, Timothy H., Daniel J. Buysse, Bart D. Billy, Amry E. Fletcher, Kathy S. Kennedy, Amy E. Begley, Janet E. Schlarb and Scott B. Reach (2012). Shiftworkers report worse sleep than day workers, even in retirement. Journal of Sleep Research 22(2), 201–208.
Myllyntausta, Saana und Sari Stenholm (2018). Sleep Before and After Retirement. Current Sleep Medicine Reports 4, 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-018-0132-5
Nahrgang, Jennifer D., Frederick P. Morgeson und David A Hofmann (2011). Safety at work: a meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 96(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Nimrod, Galit, Megan C. Jank und Douglas A. Kleiber (2008). Expanding, reducing, concentrating and diffusing: Activity patterns of recent retirees in the United States. Leisure Science 31(1), 37–52 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802558087
Nishimura, Yoshinori, Masato Oikawa und Hiroyuki Motegi (2018). What explains the difference in the effect of retirement on health? Evidence from global aging data. Journal of Economic Survey 32(3), 792–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12215
Odone, Anne, Vincenza Gianfredi, Giacomo P. Vigezzi, Andrea Amerio, Chiara Ardito, Angelo d’Errico, David Stuckler und Giuseppe Costa (2021). Does retirement trigger depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 30, 1–24.
Pattloch, Dagmar, Laura Menze, Laura Vieten, Nils Backhaus, Ines Entgelmeier, Johanna Nold, Louisa-Katharina Stein, Anita Tisch et al. (2021). Datendokumentation des Scientific Use File der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2019. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BauA), Dortmund.
Ployhart, Robert E. und Robert J. Vandenberg (2010). Longitudinal research: The theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal of Management 36(1), 94–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149 206309352110
Peristera, Paraskevi, Anna Nyberg, Linda L. Magnusson Hanson, Hugo Westerlund und Loretta G. Platts (2022). How consistently does sleep quality improve at retirement? Prospective analyses with group‐based trajectory models. Journal of Sleep Research 31(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13474
Pinquart, Martin und Ines Schindler (2007). Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent-class approach. Psychology and Aging 22(3), 442–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.442
Reitzes, Donald C. und Elizabeth J. Mutran (2004). The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 59(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.2190/nypp-rffp-5rfk-8eb8
Reitzes, Donald C. und Elizabeth J. Mutran (2006). Lingering identities in retirement. Sociological Quarterly 47(2), 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00048.x
Ryan, Richard M. and Edward L. Deci (2000). Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. American Psychologist 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68
Salthouse, Timothy (2012). Consequences of age-related cognitive declines. Annual Review of Psychology 63(1), 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100328
Seiferling, Nadine und Alexandra Michel (2017). Building Resources for Retirement Transition: Effects of a Resource-Oriented Group Intervention on Retirement Cognitions and Emotions. Work, Aging and Retirement 3(4), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax011
Seiferling, Nadine und Alexandra Michel (2024). Zufrieden in den Ruhestand. Manual für ein ressour-cenorientiertes Gruppencoaching. Wiesbaden: Springer.
Shah, Divyang (2009). Healthy worker effect phenomenon. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environment Medicine 13(2), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.55123
Spector, Paul E. (2002). Employee control and occupational stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11(4), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00185
Stengård, Johanna, Constanze Leineweber, Marianna Virtanen, Hugo Westerlund und Hui-Xin Wang (2022). Do good psychosocial working conditions prolong working lives? Findings from a prospective study in Sweden?. European Journal of Ageing 19, 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00672-0
Stiemke, Philipp und Moritz Heß (2022). Determinants of (in-)voluntary retirement: A systematic literature review. Journal of European Social Policy 32(3), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/09589287221089465
Taris, Toon W. (2006). Bricks without clay: On urban myths in occupational health psychology research. Work & Stress 20(2), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370600893410
Thomas, Linda T. und Daniel C. Ganster (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology 80(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311435103
Valcour, Monique (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6), 1512–1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Van der Doef, Margot und Stan Maes (1999). The Job Demand-Control-Support model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress 13(2), 87–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296084
Van der Heide, Iris, Rogier M. van Rijn, Suzan Robroek, Alex Burdorf und Karin I. Proper (2013). Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health 13, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180
van de Straat, Vera, Loretta G. Platts, Jussi Vahtera, Hugo Westerlund und Piet F. Bracke (2019). Reduction in sleep disturbances at retirement: Evidence from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health. Ageing and Society 40(10), 2155–2173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000515
van Ours, Jan C. (2022). How retirement affects mental health, cognitive skills and mortality: An overview of recent empirical evidence. De Economist 170(3), 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-022-09410-y
van Solinge, Hanna und Kene Henkens (2007). Involuntary retirement: The role of restrictive circumstances, timing, and social embeddedness. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and social sciences 62(5), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.5.s295
Vieten, Laura, Anne Marit Wöhrmann und Alexandra Michel (2022). Work-time control and exhaustion: Internal work-to-home interference and internal home-to-work interference as media-tors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063487
Virtanen, Marianna, Saana Myllyntausta S, Maarit Kauppi, Mika Kivimaki, Jaana Pentti, Jenni Ervasti, Khanal. C. Prakash, Jussi Vahtera et al. (2022). Trajectories of worktime control from midlife to retirement and working beyond retirement age. Work. Aging and Retire 8(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waab023
Virtanen, Marianna, Markus Jokela, Ida Eh Madsen, Linda L. Magnusson Hanson, Tea Lallukka, Solja T. Nyberg, Lars Alfredsson, G David Batty et al. (2018). Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 44(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3712
Virtanen, Marianna, Tuula Oksanen, Jaana Pentti, Jenni Ervasti, Jenny Head, Sari Stenholm, Jussi Vahtera, Mika Kivimäki (2017). Occupational class and working beyond the retirement age: A cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 43(5), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3645
Virtanen, Marianna, Tuula Oksanen, G. David Batty, Leena Ala-Mursula, Paula Salo, Marko Elovainio, Jaana Pentti und Katinka Lybäck et al. (2014). Extending employment beyond the pensionable age: A cohort study of the influence of chronic diseases, health risk factors, and working conditions. PLoS ONE 9(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088695
Virtanen, Marianna, Jane E. Ferrie, Archana Singh-Manoux, Martin J. Shipley, Stephen A. Stansfeld, Michael G. Marmot, Kirsi Ahola, Jussi Vahtera et al. (2011). Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychology Medicine 41(12), 2485–2494. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000171
Voglino, Gianluca, Armando Savatteri, Maria Rosaria Gualano, Dario Catozzi, Stefano Rousset, Edoardo Boietti, Fabrizio Bert und Roberta Siliquini (2022). How the reduction of working hours could influence health outcomes: a systematic review of published studies. BMJ Open 12(4), e051131.
Wang, Mo (2007). Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees' psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(2), 455–474. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051131
Wang, Mo, Kene Henkens und Hanna van Solinge (2011). Retirement adjustment: A review of theoretical and empirical advancements. American Psychologist 66(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022414
Wang, Mo und Jianghong Shi (2016). Work, retirement and aging. In: Schaie, K. Warner und Sherry L. Willis (Hg.). Handbook of the psychology of aging. Cambridge: Academic Press, 339–359.
Westerlund, Hugo, Jussi Vahtera, Jane E. Ferrie, Archana Singh-Manoux, Jaana Pentti, Maria Mel-chior, Constanze Leineweber, Markus Jokela et al. (2010). Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French occupational cohort study. The BMJ 341. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6149
Wettstein, Markus, Oliver K. Schilling und Hans-Werner Wahl (2016). “Still feeling healthy after all these years”: The paradox of subjective stability versus objective decline in very old adults’ health and functioning across five years. Psychology Aging 31(8), 815–830.
Wirtz, Anna und Friedhelm Nachreiner (2010). The effects of extended working hours on health and social well-being – a comparative analysis of four independent samples. Chronobiology International 27(5), 1124–1134. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.490099
Wittig, Peter, Christoph Nöllenheidt und Simone Brenscheidt (2013). Grundauswertung der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2012 mit den Schwerpunkten Arbeitsbedingungen, Arbeitsbelastungen und gesundheitliche Beschwerden. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund.
Wöhrmann, Anne Marit, Corinna Brauner und Alexandra Michel (2021). BAuA-Working Time Survey (BAuAWTS; BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung). Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 241(2), 287–295.
World Health Organization (2021). Health promotion glossary of terms. Genf: WHO.
Downloads
Artikel
Ausgabe 1/2025
Rubrik
Nummer
Sprache
Veröffentlicht
Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
