Disability Rights and Swiss Citizenship: The Dimensions of Inclusive and Exclusive Integration Criteria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-4812Schlagworte:
Disability, Citizenship, Ableism, Historical Analysis, LawAbstract
International treaties guarantee ‘fundamental rights’ for disabled people that ensure them a dignified life. However, access to citizenship is subject to specific criteria, which can be difficult to fulfill for people with disabilities. Consequently, there exists an intersecting policy tension between the exemptions of disabled people from citizenship criteria and migration control; both of which are “neighbouring legal fields” to disability law. This study of the Swiss case compiles and examines Swiss law that pertains to foreign migrants with disabilities and focuses on the following questions: (i) How has the legal framework that regulates access to Swiss citizenship for immigrants with a disability evolved over time? (ii) Has said legal framework become inclusive over time? The main findings are the following: (i) immigration and citizenship policies continue to value an individual’s capacity to contribute to society and (ii) the examined case law has developed to being indirectly ableist.
Literaturhinweise
Achermann , Christin, and Stefanie Gass (2003). Staatsbürgerschaft Und Soziale Schliessung: Eine Rechtsethnologische Sicht Auf Die Einbürgerungspraxis der Stadt Basel. Sozialer Zusammenhalt Und Kulturelle Pluralismus. Zürich: Seismo.
Achermann, Alberto, Christin Achermann, Gianni D’Amato, Martina Kamm and Barbara von Rütte (2013). Country Report: Switzerland. Country Report RALSNS/EUDO-CIT-CR 2013/23. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: EUDO Citizenship Observatory: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School with Edinburgh University Law School. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/19639
Ader, Leslie (2023). Tracing the Historical Politicization of Migration and the Commodification of Social Protection Claims in Switzerland: Dilemmas of Mobility and Citizenship for Immigrants with Disabilities. Doctoral Dissertation. Institut forum suisse des migrations à Université de Neuchâtel. https://doi.org/10.35662/unine-these-3057
Anderson, Bridget (2015). Immigration and the Worker Citizen. In: Bridget Anderson and Vanessa Hughes (Eds.). Citizenship and Its Others. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137435088_5
Beckett, Angharad E. (2006). Citizenship and Vulnerability; Disability and Issues of Social and Political Engagement. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beckmann, Lisa (2017). Undoing Ableism: Disability as a Category of Historical and Legal Analysis. Law Undone 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.35662/unine-these-3057
Bitschnau, Marco, Leslie Ader, Didier Ruedin, and Gianni D’Amato (2021) Politicising Immigration in Times of Crisis: Empirical Evidence from Switzerland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (17): 3864–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1936471
Borrelli, Lisa Marie, Stefanie Kurt, Christin Achermann, and Luca Pfirter (2021). (Un)Conditional Welfare? Tensions Between Welfare Rights and Migration Controlling Swiss Case Law. Revue Suisse de Sociologie 47 (1), 73–94.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1986). The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press, 241–258.
Bromberg, Howard (2015). Immigration Act of 1917. Online Archive. Immigration to the United States. November 22, 2015. https://immigrationtounitedstates.org/588-immigration-act-of-1917.html
Campbell, Fiona Kumari (2009). Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245181
Carey, Allison C. (2003). Beyond the Medical Model: A Reconsideration of ‘Feeblemindedness,’ Citizenship, and Eugenic Restrictions. Disability & Society 18 (4): 411–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759032000080977
Carrel, Noemi, and Nicole Wichmann (2013). Naturalisation Procedures for Immigrants. Switzerland. Florence: European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/29800
Dahinden, Janine, and Bridget Anderson (2021). Exploring New Avenues for Knowledge Production in Migration Research: A Debate Between Bridget Anderson and Janine Dahinden Pre and After the Burst of the Pandemic. Swiss Journal of Sociology 47 (1), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2021-0005
D’Amato, Gianni, Damir Skenderovic, and Marcel Alexander Niggli (2009). From Outsider to Playmakers: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties and Swiss Migration Policy. In: Marcel Alexander Niggli (Ed.). Right-Wing Extremism in Switzerland., 2nd ed. Baden (Germany): Nomos, 78-92.
Degener, Theresia (2016). Disability in a Human Rights Context. Laws 5 (3), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5030035
Dermaut, Vanessa, Tineke Schiettecat, Stijn Vandevelde, and Griet Roets (2020). Citizenship, Disability Rights and the Changing Relationship between Formal and Informal Caregivers: It Takes Three to Tango. Disability & Society 35 (2), 280–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1634521
Dubber, Markus Dirk (1998). Historical Analysis of Law. Law and History Review 16 (1), 159–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/744325
Dubber, Markus D. (2016). Critical Analysis of Law: New Historical Jurisprudence &New Legal Science. June. https://www.academia.edu/25949569/Critical_Analysis_of_Law_New_Historical_Jurisprudence_and_New_Legal_Science
Ellermann, Antje (2020). Human-Capital Citizenship and the Changing Logic of Immigrant Admissions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (12), 2515–2532. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561062
Fernández G.G., Eva, and Tania Abbiate (2018). Switzerland: Vulnerable Groups and Multiple Solidarities in a Composite State. In Veronica Federico and Christian Lahusen (Eds.). Solidarity as a Public Virtue? Law and Public Policies in the European Union, 421–468.
Goldie, Mark (Ed.) (1997). Locke: Political Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodley, Dan (2014). Dis/Ability Studies: Theorising Disablism and Ableism. 1st Edition. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Goodley, Dan, and Rebecca Lawthom (2019). Critical Disability Studies, Brexit, and Trump: A Time of Neoliberal–Ableism. Rethinking History 23 (2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2019.1607476
Gordon, Robert W. (1984). Critical Legal Histories. Stanford Law Review 36 (1), 57.
Halvorsen, Rune, Bjørn Hvinden, Jerome Bickenbach, Delia Ferri, Ana Marta, and Guillén Rodriguez (2017). The Changing Disability Policy System: Active Citizenship and Disability in Europe. 1st ed. Vol. 1. London & New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623931
Halvorsen, Rune, Bjørn Hvinden, Julie Beadle-Brown, Mario Biggeri, Jan Tøssebro and Anne Waldschmidt (2018). Rethinking Active Citizenship: Lessons from life-course interviews in nine European countries. In Halvorsen, Rune, Bjørn Hvinden, Julie Beadle-Brown, Mario Biggeri, Jan Tøssebro and Anne Waldschmidt (Eds.) Understanding the Lived Experiences of Persons with Disabilities in Nine Countries: Active Citizenship and Disability in Europe. pp.208-228. 1st ed. Vol. 2. London & New York: Routledge.
Hughes, Bill (2005). Foucault and the Government of Disability. Edited by Shelley Tremain. Corporealities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hughes, Bill (2017). Impairment on the Move: The Disabled Incomer and Other Invalidating Intersections. Disability & Society 32 (4): 467–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1298991
Jenkins, Stephanie (2021). Constructing Ableism. Genealogy 5 (3), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030066
Joppke, Christian (2007). Transformation of Citizenship: Status, Rights, Identity. Citizenship Studies 11 (1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020601099831
Joppke, Christian (2021). Earned Citizenship. European Journal of Sociology 62 (1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975621000035
Knotz, Carlo Michael, Mia Katharina Gandenberger, Flavia Fossati, and Giuliano Bonoli (2021). A Recast Framework for Welfare Deservingness Perceptions. Social Indicators Research, 159 (2021), 927–943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02774-9
Kymlicka, Will, and Sue Donaldson (2017). Inclusive Citizenship Beyond the Capacity Contract.” In Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad, and Maarten Vink (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, 837–60. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805854.013.36
Lafleur, Jean-Michel, and Elsa Mescoli (2018). Creating Undocumented EU Migrants through Welfare: A Conceptualization of Undeserving and Precarious Citizenship. Sociology 52 (3), 480–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518764615
Lawson, Anna (2020). Disability Law as an Academic Discipline: Towards Cohesion and Mainstreaming? Journal of Law and Society 47 (4), 558–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12258
Lawson, Anna, and Angharad E. Beckett (2021). The Social and Human Rights Models of Disability: Towards a Complementarity Thesis. The International Journal of Human Rights 25 (2), 348–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1783533
Layte, Richard (2012). The Association Between Income Inequality and Mental Health: Testing Status Anxiety, Social Capital, and Neo-Materialist Explanations. European Sociological Review 28 (4), 498–511. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr012
Lid, Inger Marie (2015). Vulnerability and Disability: A Citizenship Perspective. Disability & Society 30 (10), 1554–1567. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1113162
Linton, Simi (1998). Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. New York: New York University Press.
Locke, John (1690). The Two Treatises of Civil Government. Cambridge: Reprint, Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, Thomas H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. 1st ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Meuleman, Bart, Femke Roosma, and Koen Abts (2020). Welfare Deservingness Opinions from Heuristic to Measurable Concept: The CARIN Deservingness Principles Scale. Social Science Research Vol. 85, 102352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102352
Motz, Stephanie A (2015). The Persecution of Disabled Persons and the Duty of Reasonable Accommodation: An Analysis under International Refugee Law, the EU Recast Qualification Directive, and the ECHR. Seeking Asylum in the European Union, January, 141–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004290167_006
Naguib, Tarek (2008). Einbürgerungsverweigerung wegen fehlender wirtschaftlicher (Selbst-) Erhaltungsfähigkeit. Jusletter, no. 454. https://jusletter.weblaw.ch/juslissues/2008/454/_6185.html__ONCE&login=false
Naguib, Tarek (2010). Mehrfachdiskriminierung: Analysekategorie Im Diskriminierungsschutzrecht. Schweizerische Juristen-Zeitung 106 (No.10), 233–43.
Naguib, Tarek (2018). Racial Discrimination in Switzerland 2018 Report of the Service for Combating Racism. 2018. Annual Report. Federal Department of Home Affairs General Secretariat. https://www.edi.admin.ch/edi/fr/home/fachstellen/frb/commandes-et-publications/Bericht_FRB_2018.html
OHCHR (UN Human Rights Office). Background to the Convention. 2022. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/crpd/background-convention.
Oliver, Michael, and Colin Barnes (2012). The New Politics of Disablement. Houndmills, Basingstoke; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Phemister, Pauline (Ed.) (1975). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, John (2009). Immigration Act of 1917. Encyclopaedia of North American Immigration. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing,134-137.
Probst, Isabelle, Jean-Pierre Tabin, and Nelly Courvoisier (2015). De La Réparation à La Réversibilité. Un Nouveau Paradigme Dans l’assurance Invalidité ? Swiss Journal of Sociology 41 (January), 101–117. https://szs.sgs-sss.ch/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/revue_41_1_2015.pdf.
Rowe, Michael (2015). Citizenship and Mental Health. 1st ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Ruedin, Didier, Camilla Alberti, and Gianni D’Amato (2015). Immigration and Integration Policy in Switzerland, 1848 to 2014. Swiss Political Science Review 21 (1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12144
Schalk, Sami (2017). Critical Disability Studies as Methodology. Lateral 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.25158/L6.1.13
Sépulchre, Marie, and Rafael Lindqvist (2016). Enhancing Active Citizenship for Persons with Psychosocial Disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 18 (4): 316–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2015.1105288
Sépulchre, Marie (2018). Tensions and Unity in the Struggle for Citizenship: Swedish Disability Rights Activists Claim ‘Full Participation! Now!’ Disability & Society 33 (4), 539–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1440194
Sépulchre, Marie (2022). Disability and Citizenship Studies. 1st Edition. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Shachar, Ayelet, and Ran Hirschl (2014). On Citizenship, States, and Markets: On Citizenship, States, and Markets. Journal of Political Philosophy 22 (2), 231–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12034
Shachar, Ayelet (2018). The Marketization of Citizenship in an Age of Restrictionism. Ethics & International Affairs 32 (1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000059
Shyman, Eric (2016). The Reinforcement of Ableism: Normality, the Medical Model of Disability, and Humanism in Applied Behaviour Analysis and ASD. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 54 (5), 366–76. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-54.5.366
Simplican, Stacy, Clifford (2014). ‘The Capacity Contract: Locke, Disability, and the Political Exclusion of “Idiots.’ Politics, Groups, and Identities 2 (1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2013.876918
Simplican, Stacy, Clifford (2015). The Capacity Contract: Intellectual Disability and the Question of Citizenship. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press.
Skenderovic, Damir (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945-2000. New York: Berghahn Books. https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/SkenderovicRadical
Stokke, Kristian (2017). Politics of Citizenship: Towards an Analytical Framework. Norwegian Journal of Geography 71 (4), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2017.1369454
Tabin, Jean-Pierre and Leslie Ader (2022). Territoires, Capacités et Temporalités Swiss Journal of Sociology 48(3), 593– 612. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2022-0029
Tremain, Shelley (2002). On the Subject of Impairment. In: Corker and Shakespeare (Eds.) Disability Postmodernity: Embodying Disability Theory: 32.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. United Nations. https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-2.html
Vorhaus, John (2005). Citizenship, Competence and Profound Disability. Journal of Philosophy of Education 39 (3), 461–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2005.00448.x
Waldschmidt, Anne, and Marie Sépulchre (2019). Citizenship: Reflections on a Relevant but Ambivalent Concept for Persons with Disabilities. Disability & Society 34 (3), 421–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1543580
Wecker, Regina (2012). Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 – a Continuum? Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift Für Moderne Europäische Geschichte / Revue d’histoire Européenne Contemporaine 10 (4), 519–39.
Wichmann, Nicole (2013). Reforming the Swiss Citizenship Act Mission Impossible. SFM Discussion Paper 29. University of Neuchâtel: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. https://www.unine.ch/files/live/sites/sfm/files/collaborateurs-trices/NWI/Wichman2013.pdf
Wyss, Karl-Marc, 2024. Commentary of art. 136 FC. In: Schlegel, S. and Ammann, O. (Eds.). Online Commentary of the Swiss Federal Constitution. https://doi.org/10.17176/20240210-092036-0
Downloads
Artikel
Ausgabe 2/2024
Rubrik
Nummer
Sprache
Veröffentlicht
Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
